Led Zeppelin

Members: Robert Plant, Jimmy Page, John Bonham, John Paul Jones

Active: 1968-1980, Reunions: 1985, 1988, 1995)

Led Zeppelin was a British rock band, who were pivotal in the development of hard rock and heavy metal, and became one of the most popular and influential bands of all time.

Led Zeppelin debuted in 1968 with a boisterous and revolutionary approach to British blues-rock. In the early 1970s, they became one of the most popular bands in the world. More than two and half decades after the band dissolved in 1980, their music continues to sell well, gain widespread radio play, and continues to influence modern rock. To date, they have sold more than 300 million albums worldwide, including 100 million albums in the United States alone.

HISTORY

The band was originally formed in 1968 by guitarist Jimmy Page under the name The New Yardbirds in order to fulfill some performance commitments booked in Scandinavia before the break up of the original Yardbirds. The New Yardbirds consisted of Page, vocalist Robert Plant, drummer John Bonham, and former Yardbirds bassist Chris Dreja, but Dreja left very early in the project to become a photographer (and would later take the photograph which appeared on the back of the group's debut album). He was replaced by Page's long time friend John Paul Jones. Page's first choice as singer, Terry Reid, declined the opportunity but recommended Plant, who accepted and then brought in his old friend Bonham from the defunct Band of Joy. Reports vary as to where the band first all met - a pub in Walsall, Staffordshire or a rehearsal room in London being cited by some.

After some concerts as with this line-up billed variously as the New Yardbirds or sometimes simply The Yardbirds, the band's name was changed to Led Zeppelin, after The Who's drummer Keith Moon quipped that the band would go down faster than a "lead balloon" (the comment is frequently attributed to Who bassist John Entwistle instead, or to a joke shared between the two). A synonym for metal, and balloon?"led zeppelin"?was chosen for their name (the word "lead" was deliberately misspelled to prevent people pronouncing it as in "lead singer," as opposed to a Zeppelin airship constructed of the metal lead).

Shortly after their first tour, the group's eponymous first album was released on January 12, 1969. Its blend of blues and rock influences with distorted amplification made it one of the pivotal records in the evolution of heavy metal music. Although several of Zeppelin's earliest songs were based upon or were cover versions of blues standards, others such as "Communication Breakdown" had a unique and distinctively heavy sound. Led Zeppelin also featured delicate acoustic guitar on "Black Mountain Side", and a combination of acoustic and electric approaches on the reworked folk song "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You". The immediate success of the first album kick-started the band's career, especially in the United States where they would frequently tour and where their album unit sales totals are second only to the Beatles. The second record, simply titled Led Zeppelin II, followed in similar style later that year and included the bludgeoning riff of "Whole Lotta Love" which, driven by the rhythm section of John Bonham on drums and John Paul Jones on bass, defined their sound at the time.

Jimmy Page and Robert Plant were blues fanatics; two of Led Zeppelin's early hits, "Whole Lotta Love" and "You Shook Me," were very similar to earlier songs by Willie Dixon. (The band were subsequently accused of using his lyrics without crediting Dixon, and it was not until Chess Records brought suit 15 years later, that proper credit?and a monetary settlement?was given.) Page was once quoted in an interview with the hypothesis: "I've often thought that in the way the Stones tried to be the sons of Chuck Berry, we tried to be the sons of Howlin' Wolf 1" (a version of whose song "Killing Floor" featured prominently in Zeppelin's early live performances). The band also loved American rock and roll: the exuberant styles of Fats Domino and Little Richard were inspirations, and Led Zeppelin would perform rockabilly songs originally made famous by Elvis Presley and Eddie Cochran. Onstage, Led Zeppelin concerts could last over three hours; expanded, improvised live versions of their song repertoire often incorporated tight workouts of James Brown, Stax, and Motown-influenced soul music and funk (favourites of bassist Jones and drummer Bonham).

For the writing of the music on their third album, Led Zeppelin III, the band retired to Bron-Yr-Aur, a remote house in Wales. This would result in a more acoustic sound (and a song "Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp", misspelled as "Bron-Y-Aur Stomp" on the album cover) strongly influenced by Celtic and folk music, and it also revealed a different side of guitarist Page's prodigious talent. Led Zeppelin III also ushered in an era of unique album jackets, this one featuring a wheel that displayed various images through cutouts in the main jacket sleeve when rotated. In November of 1970, Led Zeppelin's record label, Atlantic Records, released "Immigrant Song" as a single against the band's wishes (Atlantic had earlier released an edited version of "Whole Lotta Love" which cut the 5:34 song to 3:10). It included their only b-side, "Hey Hey What Can I Do." Even though the band saw their albums as indivisible, whole listening experiences?and their manager Peter Grant maintained an aggressive pro-album stance?nine other singles were released without their consent. The group also resisted television appearances, which left any ability to control their presentation and sound quality out of their own hands (with often disappointing or embarrassing results). Lack of Led Zeppelin TV exposure also enforced the band's preference that their fans hear and see them in person.

"THE BIGGEST BAND IN THE WORLD"

The band's diverse musical tendencies were fused on their untitled fourth album, which is variously referred to as Led Zeppelin IV, Zoso, Runes, or Four Symbols. (Not only is the album itself without a conventional title: on the original packaging, there is no indication of the name of the band.) Released on November 8, 1971, this record included hard rock such as "Black Dog," Tolkienesque folksy mysticism on "The Battle of Evermore," and a combination of both genres in the lengthy, suite-like "Stairway to Heaven," a massive album-oriented rock FM radio hit which has never been released as a single in spite of its success. The album winds up with one of their best blues songs, a Memphis Minnie cover titled "When the Levee Breaks."

Their next studio record, 1973's Houses of the Holy, featured further experimentation: longer songs and expanded use of synthesizers and Mellotron parts, with songs like "The Song Remains the Same," "No Quarter" and "D'yer Mak'er" (pronounced "Jamaica," which was fitting, given the song's reggae feel - it is also a play on words, based on the joke where a man mistakes his friend saying the word Jamaica, for "Did You Make Her?" First man: My wife is off to the Caribbean on holiday. Second man: Jamaica? First man: No, she went of her own accord), Led Zeppelin was again pushing the limits defining rock music. Their 1973 tour of the U.S. again broke records for attendance: at Tampa Stadium, Florida they played to 56,800 fans (more than the Beatles' 1965 concert at Shea Stadium). Three sold-out New York shows at Madison Square Garden were filmed for a concert motion picture, but this project would be delayed for several years.

In 1974, Led Zeppelin launched their own record label called Swan Song, named after one of only five songs that the band never recorded for commercial release (the track was re-tooled as "Midnight Moonlight" by Page's post-Zeppelin band The Firm on their first album). Besides using it as a vehicle to promote their own albums, the band expanded the label's roster, signing artists such as Bad Company, Pretty Things, Maggie Bell, Detective, Dave Edmunds, Midnight Flyer, Sad Caf? and Wildlife.

1975 saw the release of Physical Graffiti, their first double album set, on the Swan Song label. The album included songs recorded in studio sessions from the group's previous three albums plus new songs. Led Zeppelin again showed its impressive range with songs like the lush and complex "Ten Years Gone," the acoustic "Black Country Woman," the driving "Trampled Underfoot" and the thundering, Indian-Arabic-tinged "Kashmir."

Shortly after the release of Physical Graffiti, the entire Led Zeppelin catalogue of six albums was simultaneously on the top-200 album chart. The band embarked on another U.S. tour, again playing to record-breaking crowds. To top off the year, they played five sold-out nights at the UK's Earls Court (these shows were recorded, portions of which would be released on DVD some 28 years later). At this peak of their career, Led Zeppelin were the biggest rock band in the world.

If the band's popularity on stage and record was impressive, so too was their reputation for excess and off-stage wildness. Zeppelin traveled in a private jet (nicknamed "The Starship"), rented out entire sections of hotels, and became the subjects of many of rock's most famous stories of debauchery: trashed hotel rooms (TVs out the window, motorcycling in the halls), sexual escapades, and heavy use of drugs and alcohol. Several people associated with the band would later write books about the wild escapades of the group, while band members themselves have disavowed many of the tales.

THE LATTER DAYS

In 1976 the band took a break from the road and began filming "fantasy" segments for the concert film entitled "The Song Remains The Same." During this break, Robert Plant and his wife were in a car crash while on holiday in Greece which broke Plant's ankle; Maureen Plant was very seriously injured, and only a flight back to London and a timely blood transfusion saved her life. Unable to tour, the band returned to the studio and, with Plant sitting on a stool during the sessions, they recorded their seventh studio album Presence. The album was a platinum seller, but marked a change in the Zeppelin sound as straightforward, guitar-based jams such as "Nobody's Fault But Mine" had replaced the intricate arrangements of previous albums. A highlight of the album was the epic-length "Achilles Last Stand" featuring a driving bassline and thundering drums, melodic Page riffs and a memorable guitar solo. Overall the album received mixed responses from critics and fans, with some appreciating the looser style and others dismissing it as sloppy; some critics speculated that the band's legendary excesses may have caught up with them at last. The year 1976 marked the beginning of Page's heroin use, a habit which would often interfere with their live shows and studio recordings in their later years.

Late 1976 finally saw the release of the concert film The Song Remains the Same and its soundtrack double LP. Though the concert footage was from 1973, this would be the only filmed document of the group available for the next 20 years. The soundtrack album of the film had some songs missing and some added compared to the film, and also some songs are different cuts from the three nights the band performed at Madison Square Garden. The soundtrack is not generally considered a great live album, but would remain the only official live document of the band until the eventual release of the BBC Sessions in 1997.

In 1977, Led Zeppelin embarked on another massive U.S. tour, again selling out up to five nights in cities like Chicago, Los Angeles and New York. (Seattle and Cleveland shows from this tour were the sources of bootleg albums prized by fans.) Following a show at the "Day on the Green" festival in Oakland, the news came that Robert Plant's son Karac had died from a stomach infection. The rest of the tour was cancelled, and malicious critics and superstitious fans whispered of a "curse" said to be related to Page's interest in the occult; such charges were scoffed at by the band.

The band did little recording or live work during 1978; the sombre mood was extended with the death of their friend, Who drummer Keith Moon. The summer of 1978 saw the group recording again, this time at Swedish Polar Studio, owned by the pop group ABBA ; this album would be titled In Through the Out Door and would highlight the talent of drummer John Bonham on the epic "Carouselambra" and the tropical "Fool In The Rain." The album also featured rockers like "In The Evening," and the balladic tribute to Plant's son, "All My Love." John Paul Jones had a lot of influence over the album presumably as Page's heroin problem was at its peak. The album consequently features many synthesisers. After a decade of recording and touring, the band was now considered a dinosaur in some quarters, as mainstream musical tastes had moved in favour of disco and critical focus had turned to punk rock. Nevertheless, the band still commanded legions of loyal fans, and the album easily reached #1 in the US and UK.

In the summer of 1979, after two warm-up shows in Copenhagen, Led Zeppelin was booked as headliner at England's Knebworth Festival in August. Close to 400,000 fans witnessed the return of Led Zeppelin and, with the release of In Through the Out Door in August, they were ready to tour again, planning a short European tour followed by another American tour.

The 1980 American tour was not to be, however. On September 25, 1980, shortly before embarking on the U.S. leg of the tour, drummer John Bonham died of an accidental asphyxiation after an alcohol binge. Because of Bonham's death, the remaining band members determined they could not continue as Led Zeppelin. For many years after, there had been ongoing rumours of a reunion and plans for various collaborative projects.

Two years after Bonham's death, the band released Coda, a collection of out-takes from previous recording sessions. In the years to follow, a steady stream of boxed sets and greatest-hits collections would keep the band on the charts, as Led Zeppelin continued to garner heavy airplay on rock radio.

REUNIONS AND ONGOING SUCCESS

After embarking on a successful solo career in 1982, Plant teamed with Page in 1984 for the commercially successful EP The Honeydrippers: Volume One [1], which also featured Eric Clapton and Jeff Beck. On 13 July 1985 Led Zeppelin reunited at the Live Aid concert for a short set featuring Page, Plant and Jones, with drummers Tony Thompson and Phil Collins standing in for the late John Bonham. The performance included three songs ("Rock and Roll," "Whole Lotta Love" and "Stairway to Heaven") and myriad difficulties. A year later in 1986, Page, Plant and Jones gathered at Bath, England for rehearsals with Thompson with a view to play again as a group, but a serious car accident involving Thompson put an end to that plan. However, Zeppelin did reunite again in 1988, with Jason Bonham (standing in for his father, John) joining the remaining three for Atlantic Records' 40th Anniversary concert. In addition, they played with Jason at Carmen Plant's (Robert's daughter) 21st birthday party, and Jason's wedding. In 1990, Robert Plant and Jimmy Page played a brief set together at the Knebworth music festival, which included the rarity off of Coda, "Wearing and Tearing." Page and Plant, without Jones, reunited in 1994 for an MTV Unplugged performance (dubbed Unledded) which eventually led to a world tour with a Middle Eastern orchestra, and an album entitled No Quarter.

1997 saw the release of the first Led Zeppelin album in over 15 years? BBC Sessions. This two-disc set included almost all of the band's recordings for the BBC, though fans noticed the absence of one session from 1969 that included the unreleased "Sugar Mama." At this time Atlantic also released a single edit of "Whole Lotta Love" making it the only Led Zeppelin CD single. In 1998, Page and Plant continued their collaboration after the Unledded project with Walking into Clarksdale, the pair's first album-length collaboration on all-new material since Led Zeppelin.

The British press reported in 2002 that Plant and Jones had reconciled after a 20-year feud that had kept Led Zeppelin apart, and rumours surfaced of a reunion tour in 2003. Drummer Dave Grohl of Nirvana and Queens of the Stone Age, and singer/guitarist of the Foo Fighters was named as a potential replacement for Bonham, a claim later denied by Page.

2003 saw yet another resurgence of the band's popularity with the release of live album and video collections featuring material from the band's heyday (see How the West Was Won album and Led Zeppelin DVD). At year's end, the DVD had sold more than 520,000 copies, easily making the list of the most popular DVDs of the year.

In 2005 Led Zeppelin received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, which was the first (and to date only) Grammy the band had received. They were ranked #1 in US cable channel VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock special.

In early 2005, a census done by British radio determined that "Stairway to Heaven" was the overall most requested song.

SAMPLES AND OVERS

Beginning in the 1980s, the iconic nature of many Zeppelin riffs made them a popular target for sampling, initially unauthorised but later sanctioned by the surviving band members, to mixed reactions from fans. Hip-hop group the Beastie Boys sampled Bonham's crushing beat from "When the Levee Breaks," and also borrowed parts of "The Ocean" for "She's Crafty." For the movie Godzilla (1998), guitarist Jimmy Page collaborated with P. Diddy, reworking the famous riff from "Kashmir" in the hit song "Come With Me"?Page also has a brief vocal part in this song. Tool has covered "No Quarter" and a riff from the song can be found in Sublime's "Smoke Two Joints." Another band featuring Tool vocalist Maynard James Keenan, A Perfect Circle, covered When the Levee Breaks on their eMOTIVe album in 2004. The rock/comedy duo Tenacious D strategically used pieces of "Stairway to Heaven" in the original version of their song "Tribute."

Led Zeppelin songs have been the subject of cover versions on occasion; American band Dread Zeppelin have made a career out of covering and parodying Zeppelin tunes. A cover version of "Whole Lotta Love," by Alexis Korner, was, for many years, used as the theme music for the BBC's chart show Top of the Pops. Tina Turner covered Led Zeppelin II 's "Whole Lotta Love" and the London Philharmonic Orchestra released an orchestral tribute to Led Zeppelin that includes versions of "Stairway to Heaven," "When The Levee Breaks" and "Kashmir." Rolf Harris recorded a cover version of stairway to heaven in 1993 which reached No.7 in the UK charts [2]. In 1995 a tribute album entitled Encomium: A Tribute to Led Zeppelin was released featuring covers performed by modern rock acts, notably a hit version of "Dancing Days" performed by Stone Temple Pilots.

In 1978, a band from Davis, California called Little Roger and the Goosebumps put out a single called "Stairway To Gilligan's Island" (by putting the words to the theme of the 1960s US television show Gilligan's Island to an adapted and condensed "Stairway to Heaven"). This song became popular especially through heavy play (and many listener requests) on the Dr. Demento Radio Show. Legal action by representatives of Led Zeppelin soon followed and the single was withdrawn from sale.

Unlike many of their contemporaries, the band has been very protective of its catalogue of songs and seldom allowed them to be licensed for other uses. In recent years this position has softened somewhat and Led Zeppelin songs can be heard in movies such as One Day in September, Almost Famous and School of Rock; on the DVD release of the latter, a special feature shows star Jack Black and an auditorium full of extras videotaping a plea to Led Zeppelin for permission to use "Immigrant Song" in the film. And in a concession for commercial use, the Led Zeppelin song "Rock and Roll" can now be heard in Cadillac television and radio ads.

MEMBERS

Jimmy Page: guitar

Robert Plant: lead vocals, harmonica

John Bonham: drums

John Paul Jones: bass guitar, keyboards, mandolin

The band has often cited influential manager Peter Grant as a "fifth member"

STUDIO ALBUMS:

1969 - LED ZEPPELIN

Side 1: Good Times, Bad Times, Babe I'm Gonna Leave You, You Shook Me, Dazed and Confused Side 2: Your Time Is Gonna Come, Black Mountain Side, Communication Breakdown, I Can't Quit You Baby, How Many More Times

1969 - LED ZEOPPELIN II

Side 1: Whole Lotta Love, What Is and What Should Never Be, The Lemon Song, Thank You Side 2: Heartbreaker, Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman), Ramble On, Moby Dick, Bring It On Home

1970 - Led Zeppelin III

Side 1: Immigrant Song, Friends, Celebration Day, Since I've Been Loving You, Out On the Tiles Side 2: Gallows Pole, Tangerine, That's the Way, Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp, Hats Off to (Roy) Harper

1971 - Led Zeppelin IV

Side 1: Black Dog, Rock and Roll, The Battle of Evermore, Stairway to Heaven Side 2: Misty Mountain Hop, Four Sticks, Going to California, When the Levee Breaks

1973 - Houses of the Holy

Side 1: The Song Remains the Same, The Rain Song, Over the Hills and Far Away, The Crunge Side 2: Dancing Days, D'yer Mak'er, No Quarter, The Ocean

1975 - Physical Graffiti

Disc 1, Side 2: Houses of the Holy, Trampled Under Foot, Kashmir Disc 2, Side 1: In the Light, Down by the Seaside, Ten Years Gone Disc 2, Side 2: Night Flight, The Wanton Song, Boogie with Stu, Black Country Woman, Sick Again,

1976 - Presence

Side 1: Achilles Last Stand, For Your Life, Royal Orleans Side 2: Nobody's Fault But Mine, Candy Store Rock, Hots On For Nowhere, Tea For One

1979 - In Through the Out Door

Side 1: In the Evening, South Bound Saurez, Fool In the Rain, Hot Dog Side 2: Carouselambra, All My Love, I'm Gonna Crawl

1982 - Coda

We're Gonna Groove, Poor Tom, I Can't Quit You Baby, Walter's Walk, Ozone Baby, Darlene, Bonzo's Montreux, Wearing and Tearing

REMASTERS, COMPILATIONS AND LIVE:

1976 - The Song Remains the Same

Disc 1: Rock and Roll, Celebration Day, The Song Remains The Same, Rain Song, Dazed and Confused - Disc 2: No Quarter, Stairway to Heaven, Moby Dick, Whole Lotta Love

1990 - Remasters

Disc 1: Communication Breakdown, Babe, I'm Gonna Leave You, Good Times Bad Times, Dazed and Confused, Whole Lotta Love, Heartbreaker, Ramble On, Immigrant Song, Celebration Day, Since I've Been Loving You, Black Dog, Rock and Roll, Battle of Evermore, Misty Mountain Hop, Stairway to Heaven - Disc 2: The Song Remains the Same, The Rain Song, D'yer M'aker, No Quarter, Houses of the Holy, Kashmir, Trampled Underfoot, Nobody's Fault But Mine, Achilles' Last Stand, All My Love, In The Evening - Disc 3: 1) Led Zeppelin Profile, 2-8) Jimmy Page Station Liners, 9-16) Jimmy page interview, 21-32) Robert Plant interview, 33-43) John Paul Jones interview

1990 - Profiled

interviews - 1. Led Zeppelin Profile, 2-8. Station Liners, 9-20. Interview: Jimmy Page, 21-32. Interview: Robert Plant, 33-43. Interview: John Paul Jones

1990 - Boxed Set

Disc 1: Whole Lotta Love, Heartbreaker, Communication Breakdown, Babe I'm Gonna Leave You, What Is and What Should Never Be, Thank You, I Can't Quit You Baby, Dazed and Confused, Your Time Is Gonna Come, Ramble On, Travelling Riverside Blues (previously unreleased), Friends, Celebration Day, Hey Hey What Can I Do (previously unavailable on album), White Summer/Black Mountain Side (previously unreleased)

Disc 2: Black Dog, Over the Hills and Far Away, Immigrant Song, The Battle of Evermore, Bron-Y-Aur Stomp, Tangerine, Going To California, Since I've Been Loving You, D'yer Mak'er, Gallows Pole, Custard Pie, Misty Mountain Hop, Rock and Roll, The Rain Song, Stairway To Heaven

Disc 3: Kashmir, Trampled Under Foot, For Your Life, No Quarter, Dancing Days, When the Levee Breaks, Achilles Last Stand, The Song Remains the Same, Ten Years Gone, In My Time of Dying

Disc 4: In the Evening, Candy Store Rock, The Ocean, Ozone Baby, Houses of the Holy, Wearing and Tearing, Poor Tom, Nobody's Fault But Mine, Fool in the Rain, In the Light, The Wanton Song, Moby Dick/Bonzo's Montreux (previously unreleased in this form), I'm Gonna Crawl, All My Love

1993 - Boxed Set 2

Disc 1: Good Times Bad Times, We're Gonna Groove, Night Flight, That's The Way, Baby Come On Home (Previously unreleased), The Lemon Song, You Shook Me, Boogie With Stu, Bron-Yr-Aur, Down By The Seaside, Out On The Tiles, Black Mountain Side, Moby Dick, Sick Again, Hot Dog, Carouselambra - Disc 2: South Bound Saurez, Walter's Walk, Darlene, Black Country Woman, How Many More Times, The Rover, Four Sticks, Hats Off To (Roy) Harper, I Can't Quit You Baby, Hots On For Nowhere, Living Loving Maid (She's Just A Woman), Royal Orleans, Bonzo's Montreux, The Crunge, Bring It On Home, Tea For One

1993 - The Complete Studio Recordings

Essential recordings: Led Zeppelin

Number of Discs: 10

Label: Atlantic / Wea

1997 - BBC Sessions

2-CD set of recordings for the BBC, from 1969 and 1971 - Disc 1: You Shook Me, I Can't Quit You Baby, Communication Breakdown, Dazed and Confused, The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair, What Is and What Should Never Be, Communication Breakdown, Travelling Riverside Blues, Whole Lotta Love, Somethin' Else, Communication Breakdown, I Can't Quit You Baby, You Shook Me, How Many More Times - Disc 2: Immigrant Song, Heartbreaker, Since I've Been Loving You, Black Dog, Dazed and Confused, Stairway to Heaven, Going to California, That's the Way, Whole Lotta Love, Thank You

1999- Early Days: The Best of Led Zeppelin Volume One

Good Times Bad Times, Babe I'm Gonna Leave You, Dazed and Confused, Communication Breakdown, Whole Lotta Love, What Is and What Should Never Be, Immigrant Song, Since I've Been Loving You, Black Dog, Rock & Roll, Battle of Evermore, When the Levee Breaks, Stairway to Heaven

2000 - Latter Days: The Best of Led Zeppelin Volume Two

Song Remains the Same, No Quarter, Houses of the Holy, Trampled Under Foot, Kashmir, Ten Years Gone, Achilles Last Stand, Nobody's Fault But Mine, All My Love, In the Evening

2003 - How the West Was Won

3-CD live compilation of summer 1972 concerts recorded just days apart, in Los Angeles (June 25th) and Long Beach (June 27th) - Disc 1: LA Drone, Immigrant Song, Heartbreaker, Black Dog, Over The Hills And Far Away, Since I've Been Loving You, Stairway To Heaven, Going To California, That's The Way, Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp - Disc 2: Dazed And Confused, What Is And What Should Never Be, Dancing Days, Moby Dick - Disc 3: Whole Lotta Love, Rock And Roll, The Ocean, Bring It On Home